chimney |
dress |
top 10 words in brain distribution (in article): build wood structure wall design form city type floor construction |
top 10 words in brain distribution (in article): wear type form century design woman popular clothe age style |
top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article): material paint size surface window tree frame cell people store |
top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article): light cell drink lamp wine beer horse produce water bottle |
times more probable under chimney 30 20 10 6 4 2.5 1.25 1 1.25 2.5 4 6 10 20 30 times more probable under dress (words not in the model) | |
A chimney'" is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a "flue". Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack'" (colloquially, "'stack'") is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term "'funnel'" is generally used for ships' chimneys and sometimes to refer to locomotive chimneys.. Chimneys are tall to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or other limits. History. Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern Europe in the 12th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at Conisborough Keep in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. Chimneys have traditionally been built of brick, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts venting caps (often called "chimney pots") with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits. Construction. Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often | A dress'" (also "'frock'", "'gown'") is a garment consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice or with a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment. In Western culture, dresses are usually considered women's clothing. The hemline of dresses can be as high as the upper thigh or as low as the ground, depending on the whims of fashion and the modesty or personal taste of the wearer. 19th century. Dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s; then fullness was draped and drawn to the back by any dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline (decollete) and very short sleeves. Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. Dress types. Depending on design dresses are classified. Different basic dress shapes are: Usage. In Europe and America, dresses are worn by females of all ages as an alternative to a separate skirt and blouse or trousers. Dresses are often used by young girls and as more formal attire by adult women. Potential drawbacks of dresses include being either too long or cumbersome for the performance of some physical activities such as climbing stairs or ladders. Their use can run contrary to the individual or wider public sense of modesty and decency, especially given their potential to intentionally or accidentally expose the wearer's underwear or lack of. In addition, some dress styles, particularly those with back closures, can be difficult or even impossible to don or remove without assistance. Dresses however can be cooler and less confining than many trouser styles, and they are still very popular for special occasions such as proms or weddings. Underwear. Dresses are, like other outer clothing, usually worn with underwear. A wearer of a dress is likely to wear a form of panties as innerwear, though depending on the occasion, type of material, and type of skirt for modesty one may wear a half slip (also called a underskirt) over the panties. Dresses are sometimes worn with tights. On top, one usually wears a bra, but for modesty wearing a camisole or full slip is also an option. |