ratio of word probabilities predicted from brain for chimney and coat

close this window

chimney

coat

top 10 words in brain distribution (in article):
water design form wood service product type build provide wall top 10 words in brain distribution (in article):
type design term world refer century modern begin word american

top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article):
card material record information process surface time company datum size top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article):
cell species city build form state power body time station

times more probable under chimney 30 20 10 6 4 2.5 1.25 1 1.25 2.5 4 6 10 20 30 times more probable under coat
(words not in the model)

A chimney'" is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a "flue". Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack'" (colloquially, "'stack'") is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term "'funnel'" is generally used for ships' chimneys and sometimes to refer to locomotive chimneys.. Chimneys are tall to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or other limits. History. Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern Europe in the 12th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at Conisborough Keep in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. Chimneys have traditionally been built of brick, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts venting caps (often called "chimney pots") with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits. Construction. Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. In fact, many modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are typically installed near an outside wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows vent pipe to be run directly through the outside wall. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue gas stacks and are typically external structures, as opposed to being built into the wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to it with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural component in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of a concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside. The 300 metre chimney at Sasol Three consists of a 26 metre diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legislative or safety requirements. Chimney tops. A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to inexpensively extend the length of the chimney, and to improve the chimney's draft. A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that there is more than one fireplace on different floors sharing the chimney. A coat'" is a long garment worn by both men and women, for warmth, protection or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and open down the front, closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, toggles, a belt, or a combination of these. Other possible ornaments include collars and shoulder straps. History of the word 'coat'. The Persians, based in what is now Iran, introduced two garments to the history of clothing: trousers and seamed fitted coats. "Coat" is one of the earliest clothing category words in English, attested as far back as the early Middle Ages. ("See also" Clothing terminology.) An early use of "coat" in English is coat of mail (chainmail), a tunic-like garment of metal rings, usually knee- or mid-calf length. The medieval and renaissance coat (generally spelled "cote" by costume historians) is a midlength, sleeved men's outer garment, fitted to the waist and buttoned up the front, with a full skirt: in its essentials, not unlike the modern coat. By the eighteenth century, overcoats had begun to supplant capes and cloaks as outer wear, and by the mid-twentieth century the terms "jacket" and "coat" became confused for recent styles; the difference in use is still maintained for older garments. Coats, Jackets and Overcoats. In the early nineteenth century, coats were divided into under-coats and overcoats. The term under-coat is now archaic but denoted the fact that the expression "coat" could be both the outermost layer for outdoor wear (overcoat) or the coat worn under that (under-coat). However, the term "coat" is increasingly beginning to denote just the overcoat rather than the under-coat. The older usage of the word "coat" can still be found in the expression "to wear a coat and tie", which does not mean that wearer has on an overcoat. Nor do the terms "tailcoat" or "morning coat" denote types of overcoat. Indeed, an overcoat may be worn over the top of a tailcoat. In tailoring circles, the tailor who makes all types of coats is called a "coat maker". Similarly, in both British and American English, the term "sports coat" is used to denote a type of jacket not worn as outerwear (overcoat). The term "jacket" is a traditional term usually used to refer to a specific type of short under-coat. Typical modern jackets extend only to the upper thigh in length, whereas older coats such as tailcoats are usually of knee length. The modern jacket worn with a suit is traditionally called a "lounge coat" (or a "lounge jacket") in British English and a "sack coat" in American English. The American English term is rarely used today. Traditionally, all men dressed in a "coat and tie", although this has become gradually less widespread since around the 1960s. Because the basic pattern for the stroller (black jacket worn with striped trousers in British English) and dinner jacket (tuxedo in American English) are the same as lounge coats, tailors traditionally call both of these special types of jackets a "coat". An overcoat is a long coat (at least mid-calf) designed to be worn as the outermost garment worn as outdoor wear; while this use is still maintained in some places, particularly in Britain, elsewhere the term "coat" is commonly used mainly denote only the overcoat, and not the under-coat. A "topcoat" is a slightly shorter overcoat, if any distinction is to be made. Overcoats worn over the top of knee length coats (under-coats) such as frock coats, dress coats, and morning coats are cut to be a little longer than the under-coat so as to completely cover it, as well as being large enough to accommodate the coat underneath. Coats of the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of these styles are still worn. Note that for this period, only coats of the under-coat variety are listed, and overcoats are excluded. Modern coats. The terms "coat" and "jacket" are used variously around the world, and we treat modern clothes as jackets. References. General: Picken, Mary Brooks: "The Fashion Dictionary", Funk and Wagnalls, 1957. (1973 edition ISBN 0-308-10052-2)

chimney	coat
top 10 words in brain distribution (in article): water design form wood service product type build provide wall	top 10 words in brain distribution (in article): type design term world refer century modern begin word american
top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article): card material record information process surface time company datum size	top 10 words in brain distribution (not in article): cell species city build form state power body time station
times more probable under chimney 30 20 10 6 4 2.5 1.25 1 1.25 2.5 4 6 10 20 30 times more probable under coat (words not in the model)
A chimney'" is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a "flue". Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack'" (colloquially, "'stack'") is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term "'funnel'" is generally used for ships' chimneys and sometimes to refer to locomotive chimneys.. Chimneys are tall to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or other limits. History. Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern Europe in the 12th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at Conisborough Keep in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. Chimneys have traditionally been built of brick, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts venting caps (often called "chimney pots") with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits. Construction. Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. In fact, many modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are typically installed near an outside wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows vent pipe to be run directly through the outside wall. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue gas stacks and are typically external structures, as opposed to being built into the wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to it with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural component in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of a concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside. The 300 metre chimney at Sasol Three consists of a 26 metre diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legislative or safety requirements. Chimney tops. A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to inexpensively extend the length of the chimney, and to improve the chimney's draft. A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that there is more than one fireplace on different floors sharing the chimney.	A coat'" is a long garment worn by both men and women, for warmth, protection or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and open down the front, closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, toggles, a belt, or a combination of these. Other possible ornaments include collars and shoulder straps. History of the word 'coat'. The Persians, based in what is now Iran, introduced two garments to the history of clothing: trousers and seamed fitted coats. "Coat" is one of the earliest clothing category words in English, attested as far back as the early Middle Ages. ("See also" Clothing terminology.) An early use of "coat" in English is coat of mail (chainmail), a tunic-like garment of metal rings, usually knee- or mid-calf length. The medieval and renaissance coat (generally spelled "cote" by costume historians) is a midlength, sleeved men's outer garment, fitted to the waist and buttoned up the front, with a full skirt: in its essentials, not unlike the modern coat. By the eighteenth century, overcoats had begun to supplant capes and cloaks as outer wear, and by the mid-twentieth century the terms "jacket" and "coat" became confused for recent styles; the difference in use is still maintained for older garments. Coats, Jackets and Overcoats. In the early nineteenth century, coats were divided into under-coats and overcoats. The term under-coat is now archaic but denoted the fact that the expression "coat" could be both the outermost layer for outdoor wear (overcoat) or the coat worn under that (under-coat). However, the term "coat" is increasingly beginning to denote just the overcoat rather than the under-coat. The older usage of the word "coat" can still be found in the expression "to wear a coat and tie", which does not mean that wearer has on an overcoat. Nor do the terms "tailcoat" or "morning coat" denote types of overcoat. Indeed, an overcoat may be worn over the top of a tailcoat. In tailoring circles, the tailor who makes all types of coats is called a "coat maker". Similarly, in both British and American English, the term "sports coat" is used to denote a type of jacket not worn as outerwear (overcoat). The term "jacket" is a traditional term usually used to refer to a specific type of short under-coat. Typical modern jackets extend only to the upper thigh in length, whereas older coats such as tailcoats are usually of knee length. The modern jacket worn with a suit is traditionally called a "lounge coat" (or a "lounge jacket") in British English and a "sack coat" in American English. The American English term is rarely used today. Traditionally, all men dressed in a "coat and tie", although this has become gradually less widespread since around the 1960s. Because the basic pattern for the stroller (black jacket worn with striped trousers in British English) and dinner jacket (tuxedo in American English) are the same as lounge coats, tailors traditionally call both of these special types of jackets a "coat". An overcoat is a long coat (at least mid-calf) designed to be worn as the outermost garment worn as outdoor wear; while this use is still maintained in some places, particularly in Britain, elsewhere the term "coat" is commonly used mainly denote only the overcoat, and not the under-coat. A "topcoat" is a slightly shorter overcoat, if any distinction is to be made. Overcoats worn over the top of knee length coats (under-coats) such as frock coats, dress coats, and morning coats are cut to be a little longer than the under-coat so as to completely cover it, as well as being large enough to accommodate the coat underneath. Coats of the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of these styles are still worn. Note that for this period, only coats of the under-coat variety are listed, and overcoats are excluded. Modern coats. The terms "coat" and "jacket" are used variously around the world, and we treat modern clothes as jackets. References. General: Picken, Mary Brooks: "The Fashion Dictionary", Funk and Wagnalls, 1957. (1973 edition ISBN 0-308-10052-2)